Skin as the largest organ, is influenced by wide variety of environmental and external factors. In addition many internal diseases can involve skin. Oral cavity and skin have close contact with each other Like skin which has contact with various external factors, oral cavity and its contents also has touch with different chemical agents, enzymes and diverse microorganisms. Oral lesions of dermatologic disorders need an exact attention because these oral lesions may be the sole and first presentation of skin diseases and the presence of these lesions may affect the quality of patient ’ s life and nourishment Although oral mucus membrane and skin are in direct continuity with each other, but different condition of oral cavity causes specific characters and functions. Various infectious agents and different dermatologic disorders cause oral lesions and the most prevalent of these are candida infection and lichen planus. Many oral lesions are treated without specific and exact diagnosis by physician and symptoms like pain and pricking sensation and others are managed. so increasing diagnostic and therapeutic knowledge of these lesion is necessary. So we explain the oral lesion of common dermatologic disorders in this article in order to facilitate diagnosis and prevention of progression of these disorder that some may be dangerous.

Acute respiratory infections, diarrhea and fever are very common in children below the age of five years. All children suffer from these illnesses several times each year. However, during natural disasters like floods children are even more vulnerable to these diseases and death. Pneumonia, diarrhea, measles and malaria, and associated malnutrition, are responsible for over 60% deaths in children under five. During an emergency the proportion of children dying of the above mentioned diseases may be higher. It is possible for health workers to treat most sick children at health camps or in the community and save them from dying. This survey describes the steps to be followed by a health worker when managing a sick child in emergency situations.

Our understanding of the pathogenesis of endocrine disorders increase rapidly by genetic studies at the molecular level. Common endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia and cancer follow the multifactorial model in the genetic aspect. This review tries to clarify the approach in molecular studies of such diseases for clinicians in different specialties. How to evaluate a possible association between a single nucleotide polymorphism and an endocrinopathy or its complication is the main concern of this review. Two approaches for gene mapping will be discussed as well as main challenges regarding each approach. All such genetic studies ideally include some test of the association between genome sequence variation and the phenotype of interest such as the trait itself, the presence of a given complication, or measures of some endocrinopathy-related intermediate trait. Despite different advances in this analysis, there are major concerns regarding the overall performance and robustness of genetic association studies. By using powerful new high-throughput methods, further insights to molecular basis of such endocrine disorders can be expected. Close correlation between geneticists and clinicians can effectively bridge between basic sciences and clinical investigations.

Infections of the orbit and periorbita are relatively frequent, and can cause significant local and systemic morbidity. Loss of vision occurs in more than 10% of patients, and systemic sequelae can include meningitis, intracranial abscess, and death. Numerous organisms infect the orbit, but the most common are bacteria. There are many methods through which orbital infections occur, with infection from the neighboring ethmoid sinuses the most likely cause for all age groups. Prompt management is essential in suspected orbital cellulitis, and involves urgent intravenous antibiotics, rehydration, and treatment of any co‑ existent underlying systemic disease, e. g., diabetes, renal failure. This review summarizes the common infectious processes of the orbit in both pediatric and adult groups. We review pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and treatment for infectious orbital processes.

Cancer is a critical health threat in the world. It has an ongoing increasing trend. The aim of this study was to describe the trend, most common types of cancer and the gender ratio of cancer in Iran and its provinces. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science directs from 2000 to 2017 using Keywords including “ Cancer” , “ Neoplasms” , “ Malignancy” , “ Tumor” , “ Incidence” , “ Epidemiology” , and “ Iran” . The most common cancers of Iranian men were skin, stomach, bladder, prostate and colorectal cancers, respectively. The most common cancers of Iranian women were breast, skin, colorectal, stomach, and esophagus cancers, respectively. Cancer has an increasing trend in Iran. Cancer has more burden in the Northern and Northwest provinces of Iran. There was a notable diversity between the occurrences of different types of cancer between different provinces of Iran. Men were more predisposed to cancer. Iran experienced an increasing trend of cancer, like other countries. Different provinces of Iran experienced different patterns. The quality of cancer registry was different, also in many provinces, there were no strong epidemiological studies about cancer. The prevalence of some risk factors was differed in provinces.

Background and Aim: Tooth mobility, which is prevalent among patients seeking dental healthcare services, happens when the tooth is reversibly displaced horizontally or vertically beyond its normal physiological limits. Tooth mobility is classified into 2 subgroups: localized and generalized. Generalized tooth mobility occurs when more than 2 teeth are mobile. In this review, the available studies regarding the common etiologies of generalized tooth mobility are discussed. Materials and Methods: In this review article, data were collected by reviewing the available articles published between 2011 to 2021 in national and international journals by searching the PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Embase databases using the key words “, Tooth Mobility”, , “, Tooth Movement”,“, Periodontal Disease”, , “, Systemic Disease”, , and “, Malignant Disease”, . Among the relevant articles, 51 were chosen. Results: It seems that numerous etiologies, which can be either physiological or pathological, can result in generalized tooth mobility. Conclusion: Since an optimal treatment outcome depends on accurate diagnosis, it is crucial for the dentists to be aware of the common etiologies of this condition.

Background & Aim: Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders following stroke, which affects about one percent of the world's population. Regarding the complications of chemical drugs and the resistance of some patients with epilepsy to these drugs, one of the most important approaches in treatment and prevention of epilepsy is the use of herbal extracts. Methods: In this review study, Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases were searched for epilepsy, seizures, plant extracts and brain keywords from 1980 to 2018. Finally, 50 related articles were included. Results: Animal studies have shown that many of these plants inhibit seizure activity in epilepsy through affecting GABA, glutamate or calcium channel receptors, sodium channels, chlorine channels and also by reducing the level of oxidative stress. Conclusion: Regarding the economic issues and the adverse effects of chemical drugs, the use of herbal extracts with fewer complications, can be a good alternative for the treatment and prevention of epilepsy.

In order to study the genetic control of resistance to common smut in maize, two resistant inbred lines, K1264/1 and K47/2-2-21 and two susceptible inbred lines, K3304/1-2 and K47/2-2-1-3-3-1, were crossed as K1264/1 × K3304/1-2, K47//2-2-21 × K3304/1-2 and K1264/1 × K47/2-2-1-3-3-1. The F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies were produced and evaluated along with parents using randomized compelet block design with three replications. All generations were artificially inoculated with spordia of Ustilago maydis suspension. Inoculation was carried out 7-10 days after silking through injection of 3 ml of 106 spores/ml fungal suspension, using tip injection method. At maturity, disease severity was determined based on ears infection and analysed according to generation means analysis method for three crosses. Joint scaling test showed that the presence of additive, dominance and epistasis effects, especially additive × additive and dominance × dominance type, and in lesser extent, additive × dominance, in genetic control of resistance to maize common smut. Average broad and narrow-sense heritability based on three crosses data were estimated 80.3 and 57.3, respectively.